Index | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | S7

Section 7.

Appendix 6.  References.

Adams PH, Jowsey J. (1965). Sodium Fluoride in the Treatment of Osteoporosis and Other Bone Diseases. Annals of Internal Medicine. 63(6): 1151-1155.

Alarcon-Herrera MT, et al. (2001). Well Water Fluoride, Dental fluorosis, Bone Fractures in the Guadiana Valley of Mexico. Fluoride. 34(2): 139-149.

Alhava EM, et al. (1980). The Effect of Drinking Water Fluoridation on the Fluoride Content, Strength and Mineral Density of Human Bone. Acta Orthop Scand. 51: 413-420.

Bachinskii PP, et al. (1985) Action of the body fluorine of healthy persons and thyroidopathy patients on the function of hypophyseal-thyroid the system. Probl Endokrinol (Mosk) 31(6):25-9.

Balena R, et al. (1998). Effects of different regimens of sodium fluoride treatment for osteoporosis on the structure, remodeling and mineralization of bone. Osteoporos Int. 8(5):428-35.

Bardsen A, Bjorvatn K. (1998). Risk periods in the development of dental fluorosis. Clin Oral Invest. 2(4):155-60.

Bayley TA, et al. (1990). Fluoride-induced fractures: relation to osteogenic effect. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 5(Suppl 1):S217-22.

Beary DF. (1969). The Effects of Fluoride and Low Calcium on the Physical Properties of the Rat Femur. Anat Rec. 164: 305-316.

Brothwell DJ, Limeback H. (1999). Fluorosis risk in grade 2 students residing in a rural area with widely varying natural fluoride. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 27(2):130-6.

Buzalaf MA, et al. (2001). Fluoride content of infant formulas prepared with deionized, bottled mineral and fluoridated drinking water. ASDC J Dent Child. 68(1):37-41, 10.

Calderon J, et al. (2000). Influence of Fluoride Exposure on Reaction Time and Visuospatial Organization in Children. Epidemiology. 11(4): S153.

Call RA, et al. (1965). Histological and chemical studies in man on effects of fluoride. Public Health Reports. 80: 529-538.

Campagna L, et al. (1995). Fluoridated drinking water and maturation of permanent teeth at age 12. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 19(3):225-8.

Carlsson A. (1978). Current problems relating to the pharmacology and toxicology of fluorides. Written statement submitted to Swedish Government.

Chan MM, et al. (1973). Effect of Fluoride on Bone Formation and Strength in Japanese Quail. Journal of Nutrition. 103: 1431-1440.

Clark DC, et al. (1994). Influence of exposure to various fluoride technologies on the prevalence of dental fluorosis. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 22(6):461-4.

Cohn PD. (1992). A Brief Report On The Association Of Drinking Water Fluoridation And The Incidence of Osteosarcoma Among Young Males. New Jersey Department of Health Environ. Health Service: 1- 17.

Connett P. (2001). Critical difference was overlooked. British Medical Journal (letter). 322:1486. See http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/322/7300/1486#resp1

Cooper C, et al. (1991). Water fluoridation and hip fracture. JAMA 266: 513-514 (letter, a reanalysis of data presented in 1990 paper).

Cooper C, et al. (1990). Water fluoride concentration and fracture of the proximal femur. J Epidemiol Community Health 44: 17-19.

Daley R, et al. (1967). The Effects of Sodium Fluoride on Osteoporotic Rats. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. (Abstract). 49A:796.

Dambacher MA, et al. (1986). Long-term fluoride therapy of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone. 7: 199-205.

Danielson C, et al. (1992). Hip fractures and fluoridation in Utah's elderly population. Journal of the American Medical Association 268(6): 746-748.

DenBesten P (1999). Biological mechanism of dental fluorosis relevant to the use of fluoride supplements. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 27: 41-7.

DHHS (US Department of Health & Human Services). (1991). Review of Fluoride: Benefits and Risks, Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Fluoride of the Committee to Coordinate Environmental Health and Related Programs. Department of Health and Human Services, USA.

Diesendorf M.(1986). The Mystery of Declining Tooth Decay. Nature. 322: 125-129.

Fein NJ, Cerklewski FL. (2001). Fluoride content of foods made with mechanically separated chicken. J Agric Food Chem. 49(9):4284-6.

Fomon SJ, Ekstrand J. (1999). Fluoride intake by infants. J Public Health Dent. 59(4):229-34.

Fomon SJ, et al. (2000). Fluoride intake and prevalence of dental fluorosis: trends in fluoride intake with special attention to infants. J Public Health Dent. 60(3):131-9.

Fratzl P, et al. (1994). Abnormal bone mineralization after fluoride treatment in osteoporosis: a small-angle x-ray-scattering study. J Bone Miner Res 9(10):1541-9.

Freni SC. (1994). Exposure to high fluoride concentrations in drinking water is associated with decreased birth rates. J Toxicology and Environmental Health. 42: 109-121.

Galletti P, Joyet G. (1958). Effect of Fluorine on Thyroidal Iodine Metabolism in Hyperthyroidism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology. 18:1102-1110.

Gedalia I, et al. (1964). Effects of Estrogen on Bone Composition in Rats at Low and High Fluoride Intake. Endocrinology. 75: 201-205.

Gerster JC, et al. (1983). Bilateral fractures of femoral neck in patients with moderate renal failure receiving fluoride for spinal osteoporosis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 287(6394):723-5.

Grimaldo M, et al. (1995).  Endemic fluorosis in San Luis Potosi, Mexico. I. Identification of risk factors associated with human exposure to fluoride. Environ Res. 68(1):25-30.

Guan ZZ, et al (1998). Influence of Chronic Fluorosis on Membrane Lipids in Rat Brain. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 20: 537-542.

Gutteridge DH, et al. (2002). A randomized trial of sodium fluoride (60 mg) +/- estrogen in postmenopausal osteoporotic vertebral fractures: increased vertebral fractures and peripheral bone loss with sodium fluoride; concurrent estrogen prevents peripheral loss, but not vertebral fractures. Osteoporosis International. 13(2):158-70.

Gutteridge DH, et al. (1990). Spontaneous hip fractures in fluoride-treated patients: potential causative factors. J Bone Miner Res. 5 Suppl 1:S205-15.

Haguenauer D, et al. (2000). Fluoride for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporotic fractures: a meta-analysis. Osteoporosis International. 11(9):727-38.

Hedlund LR, Gallagher JC. (1989). Increased incidence of hip fracture in osteoporotic women treated with sodium fluoride. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2:223-5.

Hegmann KT, et al. (2000). The Effects of Fluoridation on Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD) and Hip Fractures. Abstract #71, of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Society For Epidemiological research, June 15-17, 2000. Published in a Supplement of Am. J. Epid. P. S18.

Heilman JR, et al. (1999). Assessing fluoride levels of carbonated soft drinks. J Am Dent Assoc. 130(11):1593-9.

Hillier S, et al. (2000). Fluoride in drinking water and risk of hip fracture in the UK: a case control study. The Lancet 335: 265-269.

Hodsman AB, Drost DJ. (1989). The response of vertebral bone mineral density during the treatment of osteoporosis with sodium fluoride. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 69(5):932-8.

Hoover, R.N. et al (1991). Fluoridation of Drinking Water and Subsequent Cancer Incidence and Mortality. In Review of Fluoride: Benefits and Risks, Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Fluoride of the Committee to Coordinate Environmental Health and Related Programs. US Public Health Service, pp E1-E51.

Hunt RJ, et al. (1989). Effect of residence in a fluoridated community on the incidence of coronal and root caries in an older adult population. J Public Health Dent. 49(3):138-41.

Inkovaara J, et al. (1975). Phophylactic fluoride treatment and aged bones. Br Med J. 3: 73-74.

Ishii T, Suckling G. (1991). The severity of dental fluorosis in children exposed to water with a high fluoride content for various periods of time. J Dent Res. 70(6):952-6.

Ismail AI, Messer JG. (1996). The risk of fluorosis in students exposed to a higher than optimal concentration of fluoride in well water. J Public Health Dent. 56(1):22-7.

Jackson SH. (1955). The stabilization of the fluorine concentration of the total ash of rats. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology. 33: 93-98.

Jacobsen SJ, et al. (1992). The association between water fluoridation and hip fracture among white women and men aged 65 years and older; a national ecologic study." Annals of Epidemiology 2: 617-626.

Jacobsen SJ, et al. (1990). Regional variation in the incidence of hip fracture: US white women aged 65 years and olders. J Am Med Assoc 264(4): 500-2.

Jacqmin-Gadda H, et al. (1995). Fluorine concentration in drinking water and fractures in the elderly. JAMA. 273: 775-776 (letter).

Jacqmin-Gadda H, et al. (1998). Risk factors for fractures in the elderly. Epidemiology 9(4): 417-423. (An elaboration of the 1995 study referred to in the JAMA letter).

Juncos LI, Donadio JV Jr. (1972). Renal failure and fluorosis. Journal of the American Medical Association. 222(7):783-5.

Keller C. (1991) Fluorides in drinking water. Unpublished results. Discussed in Gordon, S.L. and Corbin, S.B, (1992) Summary of Workshop on Drinking Water Fluoride Influence on Hip Fracture on Bone Health.  Osteoporosis Int. 2: 109-117.

Kiritsy MC, et al. (1996). Assessing fluoride concentrations of juices and juice-flavored drinks. J Am Dent Assoc. 127(7):895-902.

Kleerekoper M, et al. (1991). A randomized trial of sodium fluoride as a treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 1(3):155-61.

Kragstrup J, et al. (1989a). Effects of sodium fluoride, vitamin D, and calcium on cortical bone remodeling in osteoporotic patients. Calcif Tissue Int. 45(6):337-41.

Kragstrup J, et al. (1989b). Effects of fluoride on cortical bone remodeling in the growing domestic pig. Bone. 10: 421-424.

Krook L, et al. (1983). Dental fluorosis in cattle. Cornell Vet. 73(4):340-62.

Kunzel VW. (1976). [Cross-sectional comparison of the median eruption time for permanent teeth in children from fluoride poor and optimally fluoridated areas] Stomatol DDR. 5:310-21.

Kurttio PN, et al. (1999). Exposure to natural fluoride in well water and hip fracture: A cohort analysis in Finland. American Journal of Epidemiology 150(8): 817-824.

Levy SM, et al. (2002).  Primary tooth fluorosis and fluoride intake during the first year of life. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 30(4):286-95.

Levy SM, et al. (1995). Infants' fluoride intake from drinking water alone, and from water added to formula, beverages, and food. J Dent Res. 74(7):1399-407.

Lewis DW, Limeback H. (1996). Comparison of recommended and actual mean intakes of fluoride by Canadians. J Can Dent Assoc. 62(9):708-9, 712-5.

Li X. (1995). Effect of Fluoride Exposure on Intelligence in Children. Fluoride. 28(4): 189-192.

Li Y, et al. (2001). Effect of long-term exposure to fluoride in drinking water on risks of bone fractures. J Bone Miner Res.16(5):932-9.

Limeback, H. (2002). Systemic Fluoride: Delayed Tooth Eruption and DMFT vs Age Profiles. Abstract presented at IADR/AADR/CADR 80th General Session. San Diego, California. March 6-9.

Lin Fa-Fu, et al. (1991). The relationship of a low-iodine and high-fluoride environment to subclinical cretinism in Xinjiang. Iodine Deficiency Disorder Newsletter. Vol. 7. No. 3.

Locker D. (1999). Benefits and Risks of Water Fluoridation. An Update of the 1996 Federal-Provincial Sub-committee Report. Prepared for Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care.

Lu Y, et al (2000). Effect of high-fluoride water on intelligence of children. Fluoride. 33: 74-78.

Luke J. (2001). Fluoride Deposition in the Aged Human Pineal Gland. Caries Res. 35: 125-128.

Luke J. (1997). The Effect of Fluoride on the Physiology of the Pineal Gland. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Surrey, Guildord.

Masters RD. et al. (2000). Association of Silicofluoride Treated Water with Elevated Blood Lead. Neurotoxicology. 21(6): 1091-1099.

Masters RD, Coplan M. (1999). Water treatment with Silicofluorides and Lead Toxicity. International Journal of Environmental Studies. 56: 435-449.

May DS, Wilson MG. (1992). Hip fractures in relation to water fluoridation: an ecologic analysis. Unpublished data, discussed in Gordon SL, and Corbin SB. (1992). Summary of Workshop on Drinking Water Fluoride Inflruenbce on Hip Fracture on Bone Health. Osteoporosis Int. 2:109-117.

McClure, FJ. (1950). Availability of fluorine in sodium fluoride vs. sodium fluosilicate. Pub Health Rep. 65:1175-86.

McDonagh M, et al. (2000). A Systematic Review of Public Water Fluoridation. ("The York Review.") NHS Center for Reviews and Dissemination. University of York. September 2000.

Milsom KM, et al. (1996). Enamel defects in the deciduous dentition as a potential predictor of defects in the permanent dentition of 8- and 9-year-old children in fluoridated Cheshire, England. J Dent Res. 75(4):1015-8.

Moolenburgh H. (1987). Fluoride: The Freedom Fight. Mainstream Press, Edinburgh.

Moskilde L, et al. (1987). Compressive strength, ash weight, and volume of vertebral trabecular bone in experimental fluorosis in pigs. Calcif Tiss Res. 40: 318-322.

Mullenix P, et al. (1995). Neurotoxicity of Sodium Fluoride in Rats. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 17: 169-177.

Narhi TO, et al. (1996). Oral health in the elderly with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Spec Care Dentist. 16(3):116-22.

National Academy of Sciences (1977). Drinking Water and Health. National Academy Press, Washington, DC., pp. 388-389.

National Research Council (1993). Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride. National Academy Press, Washington, DC

Noel C, et al. (1985). [Risk of bone disease as a result of fluoride intake in chronic renal insufficiency]. (Article in French). Nephrologie. 1985;6(4):181-5.

O'Duffy JD, et al. (1986). Mechanism of acute lower extremity pain syndrome in fluoride-treated osteoporotic patients. Amer J Med. 80: 561-566.

Pak CY, et al. (1995). Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with slow-release sodium fluoride. Final report of a randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 15;123(6):401-8.

Parkins FM, et al. (1974). Relationships of human plasma fluoride and bone fluoride to age. Calcif Tiss Res. 16: 335-338.

Patel S, et al. (1996). Fluoride pharmacokinetics and changes in lumbar spine and hip bone mineral density. Bone. 19(6):651-5.

Pendrys DG. (2000). Risk of enamel fluorosis in nonfluoridated and optimally fluoridated populations: considerations for the dental professional. J Am Dent Assoc. 131(6):746-55.

Pendrys DG, et al. (1994). Risk factors for enamel fluorosis in a fluoridated population. Am J Epidemiol. 140(5):461-71.

Pendrys DG, Katz RV. (1989). Risk of enamel fluorosis associated with fluoride supplementation, infant formula, and fluoride dentifrice use. Am J Epidemiol. 130(6):1199-208.

Phipps KR, et al. (2000). Community water fluoridation, bone mineral density and fractures: prospective study of effects in older women. British Medical Journal, 321: 860-4.

Richards A, et al. (1994). Normal age-related changes in fluoride content of vertebral trabecular bone - Relation to bone quality. Bone. 15: 21-26.

Riggins RS, et al. (1976). The effect of fluoride supplementation on the strength of osteopenic bone. Clin Orthop. (114):352-7.

Riggins RS, et al. (1974). The Effects of Sodium Fluoride on Bone Breaking Strength. Calc Tiss Res. 14: 283-289.

Riggs BL, et al. (1990). Effect of Fluoride treatment on the Fracture Rates in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis. New England Journal of Medicine. 322:802-809.

Riggs BL. (1984). Treatment of osteoporosis with sodium fluoride: An appraisal. Bone and Mineral Research. 2: 366-393.

Schlesinger ER, et al. (1956). Newburgh-Kingston caries-fluorine study XIII. Pediatric findings after ten years. Journal of the American Dental Association. 52: 296.

Schnitzler CM, et al. (1990). Bone fragility of the peripheral skeleton during fluoride therapy for osteoporosis. Clin Orthop (261):268-75.

Schnitzler CM, Solomon L. (1986). Trabecular stress fractures during fluoride therapy for osteoporosis. Skeletal Radiol. 14: 276-279.

Silva M, Reynolds EC. (1996). Fluoride content of infant formulae in Australia. Aust Dent J. 41(1):37-42.

Sogaard CH, et al. (1995). Effects of fluoride on rat vertebral body biomechanical competence and bone mass. Bone. 16(1): 163-9.

Sogaard CH, et al. (1994). Marked decrease in trabecular bone quality after five years of sodium fluoride therapy--assessed by biomechanical testing of iliac crest bone biopsies in osteoporotic patients.Bone. 15(4): 393-99.

Sowers M, et al. (1991). A prospective study of bone mineral content and fracture in communities with differential fluoride exposure. American Journal of Epidemiology. 133: 649-660.

Spencer H, et al. (1980). Fluoride metabolism in patients with chronic renal failure. Arch Intern Med. 140: 1331-1335.

Stannard JG, et al. (1991). Fluoride Levels and Fluoride Contamination of Fruit Juices. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 16(1):38-40.

Stein ID, Granik G. (1980). Human vertebral bone: Relation of strength, porosity, and mineralization to fluoride content. Calcif Tiss Res. 32: 189-194.

Strunecka A, Patocka J. (1999). Pharmacological and toxicological effects of aluminofluoride complexes. Fluoride. 32: 230-242.

Suarez-Almazor M, et al. (1993). The fluoridation of drinking water and hip fracture hospitalization rates in two Canadian communities. Am J Public Health. 83: 689-693.

Turner CH, et al. (1997). Fluoride treatment increased serum IGF-1, bone turnover, and bone mass, but not bone strength, in rabbits. Calcif Tissue Int. 61(1):77-83.

Turner CH, et al. (1996). High fluoride intakes cause osteomalacia and diminished bone strength in rats with renal deficiency. Bone. 19(6):595-601.

Turner CH, et al. (1993). A mathematical model for fluoride uptake by the skeleton. Calcif Tiss Res. 52: 130-138.

Turner CH, et al. (1992). The effects of fluoridated water on bone strength. J Orthop Res. 10(4):581-7.

Turner SD, et al. (1998). Impact of imported beverages on fluoridated and nonfluoridated communities. Gen Dent 46(2):190-3.

Van Winkle S, et al. (1995). Water and formula fluoride concentrations: significance for infants fed formula. Pediatr Dent. 17(4):305-10.

Varner JA, et al. (1998). Chronic Administration of Aluminum-Fluoride and Sodium-Fluoride to Rats in Drinking Water: Alterations in Neuronal and Cerebrovascular Integrity. Brain Research. 784: 284-298.

Villa AE, et al. (1998). Dental fluorosis in Chilean children: evaluation of risk factors. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 26(5):310-5.

Virtanen JI, et al. (1994). Timing of eruption of permanent teeth: standard Finnish patient documents. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 22(5 Pt 1):286-8.

Waldbott GL, et al. (1978). Fluoridation: The Great Dilemma. Coronado Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas.

Warnakulasuriya S, et al. (2002). Fluoride content of alcoholic beverages. Clin Chim Acta 320(1-2):1-4.

Welsch M, et al. (1990). [Iatrogenic fluorosis. 2 cases] Therapie. 45(5):419-22.

Westendorf J. (1975). The kinetics of acetylcholinesterase inhibition and the influence of fluoride and fluoride complexes on the permeability of erythrocyte mem-branes. Ph.D. Dissertation in Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Germany. (Available on line at: http://www.dartmouth/~masters/West7.doc).

Whitford GM. (1997). Determinants and mechanisms of enamel fluorosis. Ciba Found Symp. 205:226-41; discussion 241-5.

Wolinsky I, et al. (1972). Effects of fluoride on metabolism and mechanical properties of rat bone. American Journal of Physiology. 223(1): 46-50.

Zhang Z, et al. (1999). [Effect of fluoride exposure on synaptic structure of brain areas related to learning-memory in mice] [Article in Chinese]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 28(4):210-2

Zhao LB, et al (1996). Effect of high-fluoride water supply on children's intelligence. Fluoride. 29: 190-192.

Index | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | S7